СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ / CONTENTS
ИНОВАЦИИ, ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВА И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В ПОСТМОДЕРНОТО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ /
INNOVATIONS, CHALLENGES AND TENDENCIES IN THE POST MODERN EDUCATION
Теоретико-приложни проблеми на конструирането на тест за национално външно оценяване по „Човекът и обществото“ за 4. клас (2013)
[Theoretical and Applied Problems of Constructing a Test of National External Evaluation in „Human Beings and Society“ 4. Class (2013)] /
Ваня Петрова, Цонка Каснакова, Мариан Делчев, Жана Минчева, Радостина Стоянова, Рада Димитрова, Мария Темникова / Vanya Petrova, Tsonka Kasnakova, Marian Delchev, Zhana Mintcheva, Radostina Stoyanova, Rada Dimitrova, Maria Temnikova – стр. 810
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Docimological Models in Mother Tongue Teaching – an Example of Educational Policy in the Republic of Croatia] /
Dunja Pavličević-Franić, Katarina Aladrović Slovaček – стр. 825
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The Philosophical and Social Basis of Education /
Emil Sulejmani – стр. 840
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Квалификация на учителите – личностно предизвикателство и/или обществена потребност
[Teacher Qualification – Personal Challenge and/or Public Need] /
Илиана Петкова / Iliana Petkova – стр. 846
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Mothers’ and Teachers’ Perceptions Upon the Preschool Children’s Behaviours /
Emine Ahmetoğlu, Münevver Hansa Bilek, Demirali Yaşar Ergin – стр. 856
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Проучване на интересите и отношенията на студентите към музикално-компютърните технологии /
Research of the Interests and Attitudes of the Students towards Computer Music Technologies /
Милен Димитров / Milen Dimitrov – стр. 868
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Media in Preschool Age of Child’s Life] /
Sonja Petrovska, Jadranka Bocvarova – стр. 877
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Prospective Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Teaching Profession at Trakya University
Yildirim Bayazit – стр. 890
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Усвояване на имената в контекста на текстосвързващата им функция /
Learning of Nouns in the Context of their Function as Links Within the Text /
Снежанка Георгиева / Snezhanka Georgieva – стр. 899
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The Influence of the Motor Abilities of the Social Status of the Individual in the Group in Female Students Aged 10 /
Marjan Malcev, Maja Vasovic – стр. 909
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Статистически анализ на изпитите по обща езикова култура в Тракийски университет /
Statistical Analysis of the General Language Culture Examinations for Student’s Admission In Trakia University, Bulgaria /
Николай Такучев / Nikolay Takuchev – стр. 918
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Importance of the Social Environment at School and School Settings to Reduce Morbidity Among Children /
Mariana Lambova, Tonguç Başaran – стр. 933
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Creativity in the Modern Education /
Sabit Vejseli – стр. 942
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Impact of Prospective Elementary Teachers’ Success in Science and
Technology Teaching I and II on Self-EfficacyBelief /
Suat Yapalak – стр. 948
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В НОВИТЕ БРОЕВЕ НА СПИСАНИЯТА НА ИЗДАТЕЛСТВО „АЗ БУКИ“ ЧЕТЕТЕ /
READ IN THE LATEST ISSUES OF THE “AZ BUKI” JOURNALS – стр. 955
УКАЗАНИЯ ЗА АВТОРИТЕ / GUIDE FOR AUTHORS – стр. 957
ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПРИЛОЖНИ ПРОБЛЕМИ НА КОНСТРУИРАНЕТО НА ТЕСТ ЗА НАЦИОНАЛНО
ВЪНШНО ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ ПО „ЧОВЕКЪТ И ОБЩЕСТВОТО“ ЗА 4. КЛАС (2013)
Ваня Петрова, Цонка Каснакова, Мариан Делчев
Тракийски университет
Жана Минчева
Начално училище „Д. Благоев“ – Стара Загора
Радостина Стоянова, Рада Димитрова
Начално училище „Д. Благоев“ – Стара Загора
Мария Темникова
Основно училище „П. Славейков“ – Стара Загора
Резюме. В статията се разглежда процесът на теоретично и съдържателно конструиране на тест за национално външно оценяване по „Човекът и обществото“ в 4. клас, организиран от Център за контрол и оценка на качеството на училищното образование. Обсъжда се процесът на критериалното му структуриране, като се интерпретират заложените ДОИ за културно-образователна област „Обществени науки и гражданско образование“ в начален етап и връзката между съответните стандарти от програмата по „Човекът и обществото“ и ДОИ по „Гражданско образование“ за начален етап. Специално внимание се отделя на създаването и апробацията на тестови задачи със свободен отговор, както и на постигането на съотносимост между броя тестови задачи по съответните ДОИ и представеността им в учебната документация, с цел оптимално да се обхванат реализираните учеб- ни постижения на учениците. Важен елемент на критериалната система и на реализацията на теста са различните познавателни равнища и делът на предложените тестови задачи на равнище знания, равнище разбиране и равнище приложение.
Keywords: test for national external evaluation in „Human beings and society“, standards creation and approbation of Test free response items, implementation of the test, different cognitive levels
THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PROBLEMS OF CONSTRUCTING A TEST OF NATIONAL EXTERNAL EVALUATION IN „HUMAN BEINGS AND SOCIETY“ 4. CLASS (2013)
Abstract. The article examines the process of constructing theoretical and substantive test for national external evaluation in „Human beings and society“ in the 4th grade, organized by the Center for monitoring and evaluating the quality of school education. The paper discusses the process of structuring its objective optimization interpreting the underlying SER cultural and educational field Civics and citizenship education in the early stages and the relationship between the standards of the program on „Human beings and society“ and state requirements in civic education for primary education. Special attention is paid to creation and approbation of Test free response, and the achievement of relevance between the number of test problems in the representation corresponding SER and their academic records in order to optimally cover the realized learning achievements of students. An important element of the criteria system and the implementation of the test are different cognitive levels and the share of the proposed test problems at knowledge level understanding and application level.
Assoc. prof. Dr. Vanya Petrova, Prof. Tsonka Kasnakova,
Assist. prof. Marian Delchev
Trakia University of Stara Zagora, Faculty of Education
Zhana Mintcheva – Director
Elementary School „D. Blagoev“ – Stara Zagora
Radostina Stoyanova – schoolteacher
Rada Dimitrova – schoolteacher
Elementary School „D. Blagoev“ – Stara Zagora
Maria Temnikova – schoolteacher
Primary School „P. Slavejkov“ – Stara Zagora
DOCIMOLOGICAL MODELS IN MOTHER TONGUE TEACHING –
AN EXAMPLE OF EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
Dunja Pavličević-Franić
Katarina Aladrović Slovaček
University of Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract. When it comes to language contents, European language policies pay special attention to validation of achievements in mother tongue acquisition (The Common European Framework of References for Languages – Learning, teaching, assessment, 2001). In accordance with these guidelines, there is a curriculum approach to educational contents in the Republic of Croatia. The Croatian language curriculum has the largest number of school hours since, apart from learning language and literature contents; it also serves as a basis for acquiring contents of other school subjects. Croatian language as a school subject is divided into four fields: language, literature, language expression and media culture. Therefore, the knowledge of pupils is assessed by these fields. Since validation systems are considered to be an important segment of progress in language learning, individual assessment is recommended. In practice, however, one should make a distinction among assessment, validation and evaluation of acquired contents.This paper presents the results of empirical research showing the models according to which the teachers in primary and secondary schools in the Republic of Croatia validate the pupils’ achievements in learning of standard Croatian language.
Keywords: docimologycal models, assessment, evaluation and validation of language knowledge, Croatian language learning and teaching
THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIAL BASIS OF EDUCATION
Emil Sulejmani
University „Sts. Cyril and Methodius“ – Skopje
Abstract. This paper is a product of long contemplation and elaboration of the goal and many other issues that emerged through the eras of education, with the sole purpose, by an approximate effort of philosophical and social aspect, for theeducation to be established in the group of universal sciences as impetuses of the modern society in Europe and further. The education is a philosophical and sociological immanence, which thepedagogic principles, attitudes and ideas typified and transcended in the area of education and the educational being of the humans, are based on. The education is a great necessity and a need, in which the presence and the future of the modern societies are incorporated for the development of the personalities of people and society in general. In other words, the people may become individual, personal, family, and social beings only if they are educated. The global education of people is the main condition for the globalization of the humane values. This is a conscious activity, which opens new horizons in the development of the modern European societies. The great sociological and philosophical basis, with great material and spiritual values could not be created without education. From this we can see the great importance of the education, which has a factor influence that connects all material, spiritual, sensory, thinking, intellectual and spiritual activities in people. All this means that the versatile education becomes a necessity for the further development of the democratic European society, and at the same time, provides enrichment with scientific knowledge because science is an integral part of the progress, since it has a connection to all forms of social awareness. On the other hand, as we have already said, knowledge is gained and obtained though all forms of the educational process, which is a guarantee for a healthy development of people and societies.
Keywords: education, sociology, philosophy, society, humanity, literacy
КВАЛИФИКАЦИЯ НА УЧИТЕЛИТЕ – ЛИЧНОСТНО ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВО И/ИЛИ
ОБЩЕСТВЕНА ПОТРЕБНОСТ
Илиана Петкова
Софийски университет „Св.Климент Охридски“
Резюме. В статията се акцентира върху взаимовръзката между основните елементи в професионалната подготовка, необходимостта от връзка между избора на професия, подготовката за нея, адаптацията и последващото обучение. Те са основните етапи при усвояването и развитието на всяка професия. Акцентът в статията е учителската професия. Квалификацията се разглежда от два аспекта – на обществото и на личността. На базата на проведени изследвания е представен модел за взаимно свързване между кариера и професионално израстване.
Keywords: teacher, qualification, professional development
TEACHER QUALIfiCATION – PERSONAL CHALLENGE AND/OR PUBLIC NEED
Abstract. The material focused on the need for interconnection in the overall professional preparation. The need for a relation between the choice of profession, preparation for her adaptation and subsequent training is key to any profession, but especially for teachers. Qualification is viewed from the perspective of society and the viewpoint personality. To be presented a model for each other coupling between career and professional growth.
Assoc. Prof. Iliana Petkova, PhD
Sofia University „St. Kliment Ohridski“
Faculty of Pedagogy
MOTHERS’ AND TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS UPON THE PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S BEHAVIOURS
Emine Ahmetoğlu
Trakya University
Münevver Hansa Bilek
VedideBahaPars School of Ministry of National Education
Demirali Yaşar Ergin
Trakya University
Abstract. The aim of the study is to compare pre-school children’s behaviors according to perceptions of mothers and teachers. Also, the study examines their behaviors in terms of the socio-economical level of the family. The articipants of the study were 136 mothers and 9 teachers who volunteered to be involved in the study. The research was carried out in 2009-2010 academic year, in 4 primary schools in Edirne. Being members of Ministry of National Education, these schools were located in different areas where families from different socio -economical levels lived. To gather data, for basic participant profile „Personal Information Form“ developed by the researchers was used. For main data seeking to find answers for preschool children’s behaviors at home and school, „Behavior Scale for Pre-School Children“ was used (Merrell, 2002). The Turkish version of the scale which was translated into Turkish in 2007 by Okyay and Fazlıoğlu was used. The validity and reliability issues of the Turkish version were also checked by the researchers. The data was quantitatively analyzed through SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package Software). t-test, variance analysis, and LSD test were performed for the analysis. The significance level was determined to be as p<0.05. A meaningful difference was found between preschool children’s behaviors according to mothers’ and teachers’ perceptions in terms of the scale’s social cooperation, problem expression and learning problem sub-dimensions. Also, there is a meaningful difference between pre-school children’s behaviors according to perceptions of teachers in terms of the socio-economical level of the family. However, meaningful difference was not found in terms of social expression.
Keywords: preschool education, social skill, social cooperation, social expression, learning problem.
ПРОУЧВАНЕ НА ИНТЕРЕСИТЕ И ОТНОШЕНИЯТА НА СТУДЕНТИТЕ КЪМ МУЗИКАЛНО-
КОМПЮТЪРНИТЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
Милен Димитров
Тракийски университет
Резюме. В съвремието процесите по създаване, съхраняване и прослушване на музикални произведения са подпомогнати от компютъра. Изградени върху основата на научни постижения в областта електрониката и физиката, компютърните технологии интензивно навлизат във всички музикални области. В този смисъл, докладът е позициониран върху проучване, което има за цел да установи какви са интересите на студентите – бъдещи начални учители, към музикално-компютърните технологии. В процеса на проучването са използвани анкета и интервю. Анкетата предоставя възможности за относително кратко време да се събере необходимият емпиричен материал и същевременно осигурява време за внимателно обмисляне на отговорите, след като респонденти- те имат пред себе си отпечатан въпросник. Чрез интервюто, в непосредствен разговор с анкетираните студенти, се осигурява допълване на данните от анкетата. Проучването се базира на контингент от студенти във втори и трети курс от Тракийски университет, Педагогически факултет, специалност ПНУП и НУПЧЕ. В резултат на анкетното проучване и проведеното интервю се очертава ясна картина и информация относно предпочитанията и интересите на студентите към използваните през свободното им време музикално-компютърни технологии за запис, конвертиране, запазване и съхранение, обработка и прослушване на музика. В заключение се правят изводи за актуалността на проблема по придобиване на знания, умения за музикално-компютърните технологии и техния пренос и приложение в обучението по музика в началното училище.
Keywords: questionnaire, computer music technologies, music
RESEARCH OF THE INTERESTS AND ATTITUDES OF THE STUDENTS TOWARDS COMPUTER
MUSIC TECHNOLOGIES
Abstract. The aim of the research is to display what are the interests of future primary teachers, their knwoledge and attitude towards the computer music technologies. Methods: In the process of the research we used a questionnaire and interview as:
– an opportunity to gather the necessary information in a relatively short period of time; – a tool with which the respondents consider their answers carefully, having the questionnaire printed out. An interview – a conversation with the involved students to add data to the questionnaire. The participants in the research are second and third year Preschool and Primary School Education students at Trakia University, Faculty of Education who filled in the questionnaire and were interviewed. The analysis of the questionnaire is made by categorization of the given answers according to criteria. The results are displayed in percentage. The expected results are: acquiring clear information regarding the students’ preferences, interests and their attitudes towards the computer music technologies for recording, converting, saving and storing, processing and playing music which they use in their free time. The conclusions from the research confirm the importance of acquiring knowledge and skills in computer music technologies and their application in music education in the primary school
Assist. Prof. Milen Dimitrov
Trakia University
Faculty of Education
Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
MEDIA IN PRESCHOOL AGE OF CHILD’S LIFE
Sonja Petrovska
Jadranka Bocvarova
University „Goce Delcev“
Abstract. In a world where media, technique and technology occupy an important place in the human existence, the control of their presence in children’s and youth’s live is difficult. Besides the opportunities and didactic positivity that media as assets for educational activity possess, they can still be a source of negative impacts. That’s why, the child’s empowerment, since its early childhood, for proper media utilization in the educational aims is essential. Family and pre-school institutions are the key areas that have the power to do so. They can continuously and systematically perform selection and target the positive media influence in child’s development. During the media application process, several aspects must be considered, including: child’s age, transmitted media content, as well as the continuous monitoring and control of child’s activity. We conducted a survey in February and March 2013, in order to perceive the media usage in the families and their influence on the children. Our sample of the survey is consisted of 143 parents of children who attend major groups in two kindergartens in urban environment – Stip. By examining the views and opinions of the parents we wanted to see: how child’s leisure time has been organized, regarding the media usage; parents’ information and opinion about the available educational child’s contents; media influence on child’s perception and behavior.
Keywords: media influence, leisure time, preschool child, parents views
PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS TEACHING PROFESSION AT TRAKYA UNIVERSITY
Yildirim Bayazit
Trakya University
Abstract. The aim of this study was investigate prospective teachers’ attitudes towards teaching profession at the Education Faculty at Trakya University with respect to the gender and disciplines. In the present study, the data was collected from 120 prospective teachers from Science and Technology Education and Computer and Instructional Technology Education departments as well as from pedagogical formation certificate program students graduated from Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The data was collected by the „Attitude Measurement Scale for Teaching Profession“ developed by Ustuner (2006). The findings revealed that female prospective teachers had more positive attitude towards teaching, and science education and formation students’ attitudes were more positive than that of
computer education students.
Keywords: attitudes towards teaching, gender, disciplines, teaching profession,prospective teachers
УСВОЯВАНЕ НА ИМЕНАТА В КОНТЕКСТА НА ТЕКСТОСВЪРЗВАЩАТА ИМ ФУНКЦИЯ
Снежанка Георгиева
Шуменски университет „Епископ Константин Преславски“
Резюме. Промените, предложени в това проучване на учебното съдържание, са в двe направления: корекции с цел подобряване на терминологията, прецизност и езикова точност; обогатяване с нови функционални акценти от настоящото съдържание на учебната програма на училището. В текста има изрични модели за прагматична работа с текст и текст свързване на функциите на съществителните имена. Препоръчват се идеите на синтетични упражне- ния за подобряване на училищната учебна програма в посока на основната характеристика на текста – съгласуваност.
Keywords: nouns, numerals, pronouns, coherence, text linking function
LEARNING OF NOUNS IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR FUNCTION AS LINKS WITHIN THE TEXT
Abstract. The changes suggested in this study of the educational content are in two streams. Corrections, made in order to improve terminology precision and linguistic precision. Enrichment is being suggested with new functional accents of the present content of the school syllabus. In the text there are explicit models for pragmatic work of text building and text linking functions of nouns. Ideas are suggested of synthetic exercises for improvement of the school syllabus in direction of the primary characteristic of the text-coherence.
Snezhanka Georgieva
Shoumen University „Episkop Konstantin Preslavski“
Shoumen, Bulgaria
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MOTOR ABILITIES OF THE SOCIAL STATUS OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE
GROUP IN FEMALE STUDENTS AGED 10
Marjan Malcev
Maja Vasovic
University „Ss Cyril & Methodius“ – Skopje
Abstract. The basic goal of this research is to determine the motor abilities of the female students aged 10 and their influence on the inter-personal relations in the class, i.e. the influence on the social status of the individual in the primary schools in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. The sample of variables consists of 2 anthropometric and 6 motor variables, as well as 12 variables for determination of the social status of the individual in the group. The data obtained with the use of the descriptive statistical methods, such as: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, minimal and maximal result, will give an image about the researched statistical positions, which will be used in the further interpretation of the results of the research. The multivariate statistical methods accurately locate the influence of the motor abilities on the social status of the individual in the group – regressive analysis, where we will determine the influence of the criterion variable on the system of predictors with the coefficients of the partial regression and the coefficients of the multiple regression and the coefficient of determination. The obtained results allow us to make a scientific conclusion at the appropriate level with statistical significance of .05, whereby we notice that the female students who do a sport and have good motor abilities are positively accepted by their peers.
Keywords: female students, class, motor abilities, position – acceptance
СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИ АНАЛИЗ НА ИЗПИТИТЕ ПО ОБЩА ЕЗИКОВА КУЛТУРА В ТРАКИЙСКИ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
Николай Такучев
Тракийски университет
Резюме. Тази статия разглежда проблемите от доцимологичен характер, свързани с евристичната оценка на проведените писмени изпити по Обща езикова култура за Тракийски университет, резултатите от които се използват от Университета за допускане и класиране на кандидатите. Обсъждат се възможни подходи за намаляване на отрицателното въздействие на грешна оценка при класирането на кандидати с подобни (близки) оценки поради важните жизнени последствия на оценката за учениците и за целите на приема в Университета. В тази връзка се предлага 33-степенна скала, чиито класове имат обхват, пропорционален на разпределението на грешката в обхвата на оценките. Използването на подобна скала, чиито класове зависят от грешката на оценката, прави процеса на оценяване точен, което намалява риска от неправилно класифициране.
Кeywords: docimology, measurement in education, scale, grade, error of the
educational assessment, uncertainty of the evaluation
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GENERAL LANGUAGE CULTURE EXAMINATIONS FOR STUDENT’S ADMISSION IN TRAKIA UNIVERSITY, BULGARIA
Abstract. This work discuses the problems of docimological nature concerning the heuristic assessment of the works from written examinations in General language culture for the Thrakia university, the scores of which are used for the university applicants admission ranking. Due to the important life consequences of the assessment for the university admission purposes possible approaches to reduce the negative impact of the assessment error on the classification of students with similar grades are discussed. In this regard 33 grade scale is proposed whose grades have a range proportional to the distribution of the error in the range of estimates. Using shuch a scale whose grades depend on the error of estimation, makes the process of assessment equally accurate which reduces the risk of incorrect classification.
Assic. Prof. Nikolay Takuchev
Trakia University
Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AT SCHOOL AND SCHOOL SETTINGS TO REDUCE
MORBIDITY AMONG CHILDREN
Mariana Lambova
Plovdiv University, Smolyan Branch
Tonguç Başaran
Trakya University of Edirne
Abstract. Health care for adolescents is a major and very serious problem for any society. It depends on many factors and is directly related to the contemporary stage of development of the Bulgarian school, because the bigger part of the time children spend there. This requires a healthy physical conditions for work and good psychological climate to enable students not only to educate, but to preserve their health, and those who have health problems – possibly overcome them more easily. This study presents and proves the importance of the school environment in this dimension. Here is made an analysis and commentary on social major diseases among children and the role of schools in reducing them.
Keywords: children`s morbidity, social environment, school settings, social major diseases
CREATIVITY IN THE MODERN EDUCATION
Sabit Vejseli
University „Ss Cyril & Methodius“ – Skopje
Abstract. At a time of explosion of information, the school can successfully realize its tasks if it enables the students for independent work. The modern education should rely on the abilities of the students, to assess their activity as a basis in the teaching work and always encourage, direct and develop it. The school, as an educational institution, has a great interest in the development of the creativity of the students and the education in general. The students are creative, they may create by themselves if they are enabled to, and the teacher is the one who should provide appropriate encouragement. The basic activity of the teachers should be discovering the creative potentials of the students. A creative teacher encourages and respects the creative feelings of the student, carefully monitors them and studies the creative potentials of the students. The creative education enables the student to acquire new knowledge. The creative students do not expect an explanation to a given problem. They find a solution which is new to them with their resourcefulness and abilities. During the teaching process, the students should be enabled to think in a new way, to develop a logical and creative mind, and they should be enabled to independently acquire knowledge and use different sources of knowledge. The modern education includes models which are directed towards new strategies and are based on creative work with the students. The problem solving is the highest form of learning and this is why the students should be enabled to use this way of acquiring new knowledge. In this way, learning
turns into thinking and creating.
Keywords: modern education, creativity, teacher, student
IMPACT OF PROSPECTIVE ELEMENTARY TEACHERS’ SUCCESS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TEACHING I AND II ON SELF-EFfiCACY BELIEF
Suat Yapalak
Trakya University of Edirne
Abstract. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of prospective elementary teachers’ success in Science and Technology Teaching I and II on self-efficacy belief. This is a descriptive study. This study was conducted with the participation of 171 (124 female, 47 male) prospective teachers, all of whom were the fourth grade studies at Trakya University, Education Faculty, Elementary Teaching in 2012/2013 academic year. Research data was collected via prospective elementary teachers’ class grades at Science and Technology Teaching I and II, and via „The Scale of Self-Sufficiency of Prospective Elementary Teachers in Science Instruction“ developed by Riggs and Enochs (1990) and translated into Turkish by Bıkmaz (2002). The data was analyzed processed with the use of SPSS 17.0 statistics software; arithmetical average, standard deviation test, t test and regression. According to the findings of the research, while no difference was detected among the beliefs of prospective elementary teachers on science instruction in terms of gender; only the academic success at Science and Technology Teaching II was detected to estimate these beliefs at low level.
Keywords: self-efficacy, science and technology teaching, academic achievement,
elementary school teacher candidates
